Juno

A photograph reproducing a pen, wash and squared drawing of Juno now in the Albertina, Vienna (inv. no. 214), where it is catalogued as by Giovanni Francesco Penni. The drawing is stamped at lower left with the Albertina Museum's stamp (Lugt 174).

This drawing is connected to the oval fresco on the middle vault of the Loggia of Villa Madama, an unfinished architectural project started c.1518 by Raphael and decorated after Raphael's death by his workshop. The attribution of this drawing has been debated by a number of scholars (see Bibliographic References).

The middle vault of the Loggia of the Villa is frescoed with allegoric representations of the four elements: Fire (Zeus and Ganymede), Water (Neptune), Air (Juno) and Earth (Pluto and Proserpine). See RCINs 854082, 854083, 854084 and 854085 for the etchings after these frescoes.

Scholarly opinion traditionally agreed that, although Pope Leo X took a strong personal interest in the project of Villa Madama, his cousin Cardinal Giulio de' Medici (later Pope Clement VII) was ultimately responsible for this project. In a book about the Villa, Lefevre published an archival document attesting that the vineyard of the Villa – built on the slopes of Monte Mario, not far from the Vatican – was owned by the Vatican Chapter and therefore by Pope Leo X, rather than the Medici family. According to Lefevre, Giulio de' Medici owned the Villa only after the death of Leo X, who, whilst alive, entrust ed the project to his cousin.

The magnificent original plan was never put in place: the construction of the Villa seems to have stopped after the death of Raphael and only the decoration continued from 1520 to 1523 (see Bibliographic References). Giorgio Vasari in the lives of Giulio Romano and Raphael gives inconsistent information about the architect of the project and Lefevre believes that the authorship of Villa Madama should be assigned to Raphael, whose designs were used by Antonio da Sangallo and his workshop, while Giulio Romano, being Raphael's most experienced pupil, was in charge of the practical execution of the project (see Bibliographic References).

According to Jones and Penny (see Bibliographic References), the Cardinal wanted Giovanni da Udine to execute the stuccoes and Giulio Romano the paintings (or at least to design them), therefore showing that the decorative plans had not been decided upon before Raphael's death. Although Vasari does not mention Baldassarre Peruzzi in relation to this project, recent literature has confirmed his involvement and Lefevre suggests that Giovanni Penni may also have been involved (see Bibliographic References).